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== Замечания ==
== Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition / D̲j̲ūdī ==
Может быть по-другому сформулировать следующее предложение: «Древняя армянская традиция, конечно, ничего не знает о горе, на которой остановился ковчег»? [[Участник:Иса|Иса]] ([[Обсуждение участника:Иса|обсуждение]]) 02:24, 12 июля 2016 (YEKT)
Ḏj̲abal D̲j̲ūdī or Ḏj̲ūdī Dag̲h̲ , a lofty mountain mass in the district of Bohtān, about 25 miles N.E. of D̲j̲azīrat Ibn ʿUmar, in 37° 30′ N. D̲j̲ūdī owes its fame to the Mesopotamian tradition, which identifies it, and not Mount Ararat, with the mountain on which Noah’s ark rested. It is practically certain from a large number of Armenian and other writers that, down to the 10th century, Mt. Ararat was in ¶ no way connected with the Flood. Ancient Armenian tradition certainly knows nothing of a mountain on which the ark rested; and when one is mentioned in later Armenian literature, this is clearly due to the gradually increasing influence of the Bible, which makes the ark rest on the mountains (or a mountain) of Ararat. The highest and best known mountain there is Masik (Masis), therefore Noah must have been stranded on it; the next stage in the growth of the Armenian tradition is due to Europeans, who transferred Ararat (Armen. Ayraraṭ), the name of a district, to Masik, through an incorrect interpretation of Genesis, viii, 4.


Вот, что пишет Ас Сади А. (Т.2. С.66) про «Аль-Джуди»: «Спустя некоторое время ковчег пристал к горе Аль-Джуди, которая расположена вблизи Мосула». [[Участник:Иса|Иса]] ([[Обсуждение участника:Иса|обсуждение]]) 02:37, 12 июля 2016 (YEKT)
The tradition that Masik was the mountain on which the ark rested only begins to find a place in Armenian literature in the 11th and 12th centuries. Older exegesis identified the mountain now called D̲j̲abal D̲j̲ūdī, or according to Christian authorities, the mountains of Gordyene (Syr. Ḳardū , Armen. Korduk̲h̲ ) as the apobaterion of Noah. This localization of the ark’s resting-place, which is found even in the Targums, is certainly based on Babylonian tradition, and arose out of the Babylonian Berossus. Besides, the mountain Niṣir which appears in the Flood-legend in the cuneiform inscriptions might well be located in Gordyene (in the widest application of the name). The ancient Jewish-Babylonian tradition was adopted by the Christians and the Arabs learned it from them, when their conquests carried them into Bohtān in 20/640. “They simply transferred the name D̲j̲ūdī, which the Ḳurʾān (Sūra XI, 46) mentions as the landing-place of Noah, to Mount Ḳardū which had, from the remotest times, been regarded as the apobaterion”. Thus writes Nöldeke in the Festschr. für Kiepert (1898), 77, and he is clearly right. But the Ḳurʾān meant Ḏj̲ūdi in Arabia (Ḥamāsa, 564 = Yāḳūt, ii, 270, 11 = Mus̲h̲tarik , 111), which was probably considered the highest mountain of all.
 
It is also possible that the Ḳurʾān in its localization of the mount on which the ark rested had taken over some older tradition current in Arabia. For this view we might quote a remark of the apologist Theophylus ( ad Autolycum , lib. iii, c. 19) who mentions that, even in his time, the remains of the ark were to be seen on the mountains of Arabia. The transference of the name D̲j̲ūdī from Arabia to Mesopotamia by the Arabs must have taken place fairly early, as has been mentioned, probably as early as the time of the Arab invasion; even in the older poets, for example, Ibn Ḳays al-Ruḳayyāt (ed. Rhodokanakis, cf. Nöldeke, WZKM, xvii, 91) and Umayya b. Abi ’l-Ṣalt (ed. Schulthess, Beitr. z. Assyr ., viii, no. 3, 5) D̲j̲abal D̲j̲ūdī is no longer the Arabian, but the Mesopotamian mountain. The transference of the name D̲j̲ūdī to the Ḳardū chain and the rapid acceptance of the new name may probably have been favoured by the circumstance that the land south of Bohtān, towards Assyria, had often in the Assyrian period formed part of the district of Gutium, the land of the Gutī (Ḳutū) nomads, and this, the name of a people and district, had not quite disappeared in the early years of Islam. On the geographical term Gutium, which is known to have existed even in the early Babylonian period, see Scheil, Compt.-rendus de l’Académie des Inscript. Bell. Lettres , 1911, 378 ff., 606 ff.
 
If we assume, as is obvious, that the term Ararat (Assyr. Urarṭu) at one time also included an area to the south of Lake Van (cf. the mountain name Ararṭi in the Gordyene cuneiform inscription; see also ¶ Šanda, in the bibliography) then Masik (Great Ararat) and D̲j̲ebel D̲j̲ūdī, both traditional resting-places of the Ark, might each be called Mount Ararat in conformity to the Biblical account.
 
Like the whole country round Ararat, the neighbourhood of D̲j̲abal D̲j̲ūdī is to this day full of memorials and legends which refer to the Flood and the life of Noah after leaving the ark. Thus for example at the foot of the mountain is the village of Ḳaryat T̲h̲amānīn = “the village of the 80 (Syr. T̲h̲ e mānīn ; Armen. Tʿmān = 8; now: Bētmānīn)” where legend says the people saved in the ark first settled; cf. Hübschmann, xvi, 333-4. The Arab geographers also mention a monastery on D̲j̲ūdī in their time, Dayr al-D̲j̲ūdī; on this cf. S̲h̲ābus̲h̲tī, Kitāb al-Diyārāt (J. Heer, Quellen , 1898, 96; Sachau, Vom Klosterbuch , Berlin 1919, 20, no. 49) = Yāḳūt, ii, 653. The ruined sanctuary (known today as Safīnat Nabī Nūḥ ) is venerated by Muslims, Jews and Christians (G. L. Bell, Amurath 2 , 293).
 
We might further mention that Layard and subsequently (1904) L. W. King discovered rock-sculptures and inscriptions of Sennacherib in the D̲j̲abal D̲j̲ūdī; King therefore proposes to identify this mountain with the Nipur of the Sanherib texts. Cf. Layard, Niniveh u. Babylon , 621; King in the Journ . of Hellenic Stud ., 1911, xxx, 3282.
 
(M. Streck*)
{{refbegin32|
;Bibliography
 
Harawī, Ziyārat, 68-9 (French transl. 152-3)
 
Masʿūdī, Murūd̲j̲, index
 
Yāḳūt, ii, 653
 
Marāṣid al-iṭṭilāʿ (ed. Wüstenfeld), v, 111
 
Ibn Baṭṭūṭa, ii, 139
 
Ḳazwīnī, Kosmographie (ed. Wüstenfeld), i, 156)
 
Le Strange, 94
 
Tuch, in ZDMG, i, 59 ff.
 
G. Hoffmann, Auszüge aus syr. Akten persisch. Märtyrer, 174 ff., 213 ff.
 
M. Hartmann, Bohtan, in Mitt. der Vorderas. Ges., i, 121 ff., ii, 27, 67 (and index)
 
H. Hübschmann, in Indo-germ. Forsch., xvi, 316, 334, 371, 3841
 
Ritter, Erdkunde, xi, 156, 449
 
Petermann, Reisen im Orient, 1886, 106 ff.
 
G. L. Bell, Amurath to Amurath 2, London 1924, 291-5. Ḥudūd al-ʿālam, 203
 
M. Canard, H’amdânides, 112. On the Christian and Muslim legends of the Ark and their association with Ararat and D̲j̲ūdī, cf. in particular G. Weil, Bibl. Legenden der Muselmänner, 1845, 45
 
Grünbaum, in ZDMG, xxxi, 301 ff.
 
M. Streck, in ZA, xv, 272 ff.
 
Fr. Murad, Ararat u. Masis, Heidelberg 1901
 
S. Weber, in Tübinger Theolog. Quartalschr. 83 (1901), 321 ff.
 
A. Sanda, in MVAG, vii (1902), 30 ff.
 
Dölmer, in Bibl. Zeitschr., i, (1903), 349 ff. (cf. a contrary view in Šanda, loc. cit., ii, 113 ff.)
 
J. Marquart, Streifzüge, 1903, 286 ff.
 
H. Hübschmann, loc. cit., xvi, 206, 278-83, 364, 370, 398, 451
 
H. Hilprecht, The earliest version of the Deluge story, Philadelphia 1910, 30-2
 
B. Nikitine, Les Kurdes, Paris 1956, 26-7, 153.
 
;Cite this page
Streck, M., “D̲j̲ūdī”, in: Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition, Edited by: P. Bearman, Th. Bianquis, C.E. Bosworth, E. van Donzel, W.P. Heinrichs. Consulted online on 28 January 2017 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1573-3912_islam_SIM_2106>}}


== Encyclopaedia of the Qurʾān ==
== Encyclopaedia of the Qurʾān ==

Текущая версия от 14:59, 20 апреля 2022

Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition / D̲j̲ūdī

Ḏj̲abal D̲j̲ūdī or Ḏj̲ūdī Dag̲h̲ , a lofty mountain mass in the district of Bohtān, about 25 miles N.E. of D̲j̲azīrat Ibn ʿUmar, in 37° 30′ N. D̲j̲ūdī owes its fame to the Mesopotamian tradition, which identifies it, and not Mount Ararat, with the mountain on which Noah’s ark rested. It is practically certain from a large number of Armenian and other writers that, down to the 10th century, Mt. Ararat was in ¶ no way connected with the Flood. Ancient Armenian tradition certainly knows nothing of a mountain on which the ark rested; and when one is mentioned in later Armenian literature, this is clearly due to the gradually increasing influence of the Bible, which makes the ark rest on the mountains (or a mountain) of Ararat. The highest and best known mountain there is Masik (Masis), therefore Noah must have been stranded on it; the next stage in the growth of the Armenian tradition is due to Europeans, who transferred Ararat (Armen. Ayraraṭ), the name of a district, to Masik, through an incorrect interpretation of Genesis, viii, 4.

The tradition that Masik was the mountain on which the ark rested only begins to find a place in Armenian literature in the 11th and 12th centuries. Older exegesis identified the mountain now called D̲j̲abal D̲j̲ūdī, or according to Christian authorities, the mountains of Gordyene (Syr. Ḳardū , Armen. Korduk̲h̲ ) as the apobaterion of Noah. This localization of the ark’s resting-place, which is found even in the Targums, is certainly based on Babylonian tradition, and arose out of the Babylonian Berossus. Besides, the mountain Niṣir which appears in the Flood-legend in the cuneiform inscriptions might well be located in Gordyene (in the widest application of the name). The ancient Jewish-Babylonian tradition was adopted by the Christians and the Arabs learned it from them, when their conquests carried them into Bohtān in 20/640. “They simply transferred the name D̲j̲ūdī, which the Ḳurʾān (Sūra XI, 46) mentions as the landing-place of Noah, to Mount Ḳardū which had, from the remotest times, been regarded as the apobaterion”. Thus writes Nöldeke in the Festschr. für Kiepert (1898), 77, and he is clearly right. But the Ḳurʾān meant Ḏj̲ūdi in Arabia (Ḥamāsa, 564 = Yāḳūt, ii, 270, 11 = Mus̲h̲tarik , 111), which was probably considered the highest mountain of all.

It is also possible that the Ḳurʾān in its localization of the mount on which the ark rested had taken over some older tradition current in Arabia. For this view we might quote a remark of the apologist Theophylus ( ad Autolycum , lib. iii, c. 19) who mentions that, even in his time, the remains of the ark were to be seen on the mountains of Arabia. The transference of the name D̲j̲ūdī from Arabia to Mesopotamia by the Arabs must have taken place fairly early, as has been mentioned, probably as early as the time of the Arab invasion; even in the older poets, for example, Ibn Ḳays al-Ruḳayyāt (ed. Rhodokanakis, cf. Nöldeke, WZKM, xvii, 91) and Umayya b. Abi ’l-Ṣalt (ed. Schulthess, Beitr. z. Assyr ., viii, no. 3, 5) D̲j̲abal D̲j̲ūdī is no longer the Arabian, but the Mesopotamian mountain. The transference of the name D̲j̲ūdī to the Ḳardū chain and the rapid acceptance of the new name may probably have been favoured by the circumstance that the land south of Bohtān, towards Assyria, had often in the Assyrian period formed part of the district of Gutium, the land of the Gutī (Ḳutū) nomads, and this, the name of a people and district, had not quite disappeared in the early years of Islam. On the geographical term Gutium, which is known to have existed even in the early Babylonian period, see Scheil, Compt.-rendus de l’Académie des Inscript. Bell. Lettres , 1911, 378 ff., 606 ff.

If we assume, as is obvious, that the term Ararat (Assyr. Urarṭu) at one time also included an area to the south of Lake Van (cf. the mountain name Ararṭi in the Gordyene cuneiform inscription; see also ¶ Šanda, in the bibliography) then Masik (Great Ararat) and D̲j̲ebel D̲j̲ūdī, both traditional resting-places of the Ark, might each be called Mount Ararat in conformity to the Biblical account.

Like the whole country round Ararat, the neighbourhood of D̲j̲abal D̲j̲ūdī is to this day full of memorials and legends which refer to the Flood and the life of Noah after leaving the ark. Thus for example at the foot of the mountain is the village of Ḳaryat T̲h̲amānīn = “the village of the 80 (Syr. T̲h̲ e mānīn ; Armen. Tʿmān = 8; now: Bētmānīn)” where legend says the people saved in the ark first settled; cf. Hübschmann, xvi, 333-4. The Arab geographers also mention a monastery on D̲j̲ūdī in their time, Dayr al-D̲j̲ūdī; on this cf. S̲h̲ābus̲h̲tī, Kitāb al-Diyārāt (J. Heer, Quellen , 1898, 96; Sachau, Vom Klosterbuch , Berlin 1919, 20, no. 49) = Yāḳūt, ii, 653. The ruined sanctuary (known today as Safīnat Nabī Nūḥ ) is venerated by Muslims, Jews and Christians (G. L. Bell, Amurath 2 , 293).

We might further mention that Layard and subsequently (1904) L. W. King discovered rock-sculptures and inscriptions of Sennacherib in the D̲j̲abal D̲j̲ūdī; King therefore proposes to identify this mountain with the Nipur of the Sanherib texts. Cf. Layard, Niniveh u. Babylon , 621; King in the Journ . of Hellenic Stud ., 1911, xxx, 3282.

(M. Streck*)


Bibliography

Harawī, Ziyārat, 68-9 (French transl. 152-3)

Masʿūdī, Murūd̲j̲, index

Yāḳūt, ii, 653

Marāṣid al-iṭṭilāʿ (ed. Wüstenfeld), v, 111

Ibn Baṭṭūṭa, ii, 139

Ḳazwīnī, Kosmographie (ed. Wüstenfeld), i, 156)

Le Strange, 94

Tuch, in ZDMG, i, 59 ff.

G. Hoffmann, Auszüge aus syr. Akten persisch. Märtyrer, 174 ff., 213 ff.

M. Hartmann, Bohtan, in Mitt. der Vorderas. Ges., i, 121 ff., ii, 27, 67 (and index)

H. Hübschmann, in Indo-germ. Forsch., xvi, 316, 334, 371, 3841

Ritter, Erdkunde, xi, 156, 449

Petermann, Reisen im Orient, 1886, 106 ff.

G. L. Bell, Amurath to Amurath 2, London 1924, 291-5. Ḥudūd al-ʿālam, 203

M. Canard, H’amdânides, 112. On the Christian and Muslim legends of the Ark and their association with Ararat and D̲j̲ūdī, cf. in particular G. Weil, Bibl. Legenden der Muselmänner, 1845, 45

Grünbaum, in ZDMG, xxxi, 301 ff.

M. Streck, in ZA, xv, 272 ff.

Fr. Murad, Ararat u. Masis, Heidelberg 1901

S. Weber, in Tübinger Theolog. Quartalschr. 83 (1901), 321 ff.

A. Sanda, in MVAG, vii (1902), 30 ff.

Dölmer, in Bibl. Zeitschr., i, (1903), 349 ff. (cf. a contrary view in Šanda, loc. cit., ii, 113 ff.)

J. Marquart, Streifzüge, 1903, 286 ff.

H. Hübschmann, loc. cit., xvi, 206, 278-83, 364, 370, 398, 451

H. Hilprecht, The earliest version of the Deluge story, Philadelphia 1910, 30-2

B. Nikitine, Les Kurdes, Paris 1956, 26-7, 153.

Cite this page
Streck, M., “D̲j̲ūdī”, in: Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition, Edited by: P. Bearman, Th. Bianquis, C.E. Bosworth, E. van Donzel, W.P. Heinrichs. Consulted online on 28 January 2017 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1573-3912_islam_SIM_2106>

Encyclopaedia of the Qurʾān

Jūdī (679 слов)

Гора (Джабал) Джуди, также написана Джуди (современный турецкий язык, Куди), название горной массы и её высшая точка в юго-восточной Турции, недалеко от границ Ирака и Сирии. Гора Джуди засвидетельствована однажды в Коране, в q 11:44, как аль-Джуди, место, где ковчег Ноя стоял на суше после потопа (см. Мифы и легенды в qur'ān, Священные Писания и qur'ān, география). Было значительное несогласие с фактическим сайтом, на который ссылается эта история. Во многом из-за западного христианского неверного истолкования иврита «hārê Arārāṭ» буквально «горы Арарата» (Быт. 8: 4), как MountArarat, этот отрывок был истолкован как относящийся к одной горе с X века. Таким образом, самая высокая гора у современной границы Турции с Арменией, некогда известная как Масик, стала называться гора Арарат и, как правило, сегодня называется местом посадки ковчега. В еврейских писаниях имя Арарат было на самом деле еврейским произведением Урарсу, названием древнего царства, которое покрывало территорию восточной Турции, и включало в себя как горы, сегодняшние Арарат, так и Джабал-Джуди. Эта обширная горная местность известна по-разному как Qardū в арамейском и сирийском текстах; Гордией по греческим, римским, а позднее и христианским писателям; и Кордук на армянском языке. Еврейско-арамейский Таргум Онкелос, возможно, основанный на более ранней вавилонской традиции, переводит Еврейский Бытие 8: 4 как «ṭurē Qardū» («горы Qardū»), а позже раввинские источники обычно описывают Qardū как горы, где лежал ковчег (см. Ṭabarī, History, 366 n. 1137). Вариантные формы этого имени привели некоторых ученых к тому, чтобы случайно связать Карду с Курдом и Курдистаном, несмотря на разницу между К и Q.

Согласно Yāqūt (Mu’jam, ii, 144-5), ¶ Jūdī в Коране, похоже, обозначил гору в Аравии, обозначающую, возможно, основанную на более ранних арабских традициях (см. Предрелизийскую арабию и qur'ān). Передача назначенного региона из Аравии в верхнюю Месопотамию и территорию Урарсу должна была произойти в начале арабского вторжения в этот регион. Сегодня районы вокруг горы Арарат и Джабал-Джуди заполнены мемориалами и легендами, касающимися наводнения и жизни Ноя (q.v.) и его семьи после того, как они покинули ковчег. Это относится к определённой структуре, когда-то монастырю, на предполагаемом месте поклонения Ною Богу после потопа. По словам Ле Странджа, из деревни Джазират Ибн Умар, Юди был виден на востоке, с «Мечой Ноя» на её вершине и Карятом Таманином («деревня восемьдесят») у подножия горы (Земли, 94) , Название деревни относится к одной из нескольких традиций о том, как многие люди пережили наводнение в ковчеге, которые варьируются между семью оставшимися в живых (Ной, его тремя сыновьями и их супругами) и восемьюдесятью, включая семьдесят три потомка Сета, сына Адама. Эта деревня предположительно там, где сам Ной поселился после наводнения, и хотя все оставшиеся в живых, кроме Ноя и его ближайших потомков, погибли, все человечество сегодня произошло от тех семи или восьми. Из-за qur’анической ссылки на аль-Джуди и на её раннее опознавание с Ноем, гора и её окрестности были местом паломничества для мусульман, евреев и восточных христиан.

Jūdī (679 words)

Mount (Jabal) Jūdī, also written Djūdī (modern Turkish, Cudi), the name of a mountain mass and its highest point in SE Turkey, near the borders of Iraq (q.v.) and Syria (q.v.). Mount Jūdī is attested once in the Qurʾān, at q 11:44, as al-Jūdī, the site where Noah’s (q.v.) ark (q.v.) rested on dry land after the flood (see myths and legends in the qurʾān; scripture and the qurʾān; geography). There has been considerable disagreement about the actual site to which this story refers. Largely due to western Christian misinterpretation of the Hebrew «hārê Arārāṭ,» literally «mountains of Ararat» (Gen 8:4), as MountArarat (q.v.), the passage has been interpreted as referring to a single mountain since about the tenth century. Thus, the tallest mountain near the present-day border of Turkey with Armenia, once known as Masik, came to be named Mount Ararat and is generally identified today as the site of the ark’s landing. In the Hebrew scriptures the name Ararat was actually the Hebrew rendition of Urarṭu, the name of the ancient kingdom that covered the territory of eastern Turkey, and included both mountains, today’s Ararat and Jabal Jūdī. This extensive mountainous area has been known variously as Qardū in Aramaic and Syriac texts; Gordyene by Greek, Roman, and later Christian writers; and Kordukh in Armenian. The Jewish-Aramaic Targum Onkelos, possibly based on an earlier Babylonian tradition, translates the Hebrew of Genesis 8:4 as «ṭurē Qardū» («mountains of Qardū») and later rabbinic sources have generally described Qardū as the mountains where the ark rested (cf. Ṭabarī, History, 366 n. 1137). The variant forms of this name led some scholars to connect Qardū wrongly with Kurd and Kurdistan, despite the difference between K and Q.

According to Yāqūt (Muʿjam, ii, 144-5), ¶ Jūdī in the Qurʾān seems to have denoted a mountain in Arabia, a designation possibly based on earlier Arabian traditions (see pre-islamic arabia and the qurʾān). The transfer of the designated locale from Arabia to upper Mesopotamia and the territory of Urarṭu must have taken place early during the Arab invasion of that region. Today, the areas around both Mount Ararat and Jabal Jūdī are filled with memorials and legends referring to the flood and the life of Noah (q.v.) and his family after they left the ark. This holds true about a particular structure, once a monastery, on the supposed site of Noah’s worship of God after the flood. According to Le Strange, from the village of Jazīrat Ibn ʿUmar, Jūdī was visible to the east, with the « Mosque of Noah» on its summit and Qaryat Thamānīn («the village of eighty») at the mountain’s foot (Lands, 94). The village’s name refers to one of several traditions about how many humans survived the flood in the ark, which vary between seven survivors (Noah, his three sons and their spouses) and eighty, including seventy-three descendants of Seth, son of Adam. This village is supposedly where Noah himself settled after the flood and although all the survivors except for Noah and his immediate descendants perished, all of today’s humanity is descended from those seven or eight. Because of the qurʾānic reference to al-Jūdī and to its early identification with Noah, the mountain and its surrounding area became a pilgrimage site for Muslims, Jews and eastern Christians.


Primary
  • Ṭabarī, The history of al-Ṭabarī. i. From the creation to the flood, trans. F. Rosenthal, Albany 1989
  • al-Thaʿlabī, ʿAbd al-Malik b. Muḥammad, ʿArāʾis al-majālis, Cairo 1900, 42
  • Yāqūt, Buldān, ed. Wüstenfeld, i, 932 (Thamānīn); ii, 144-5 (Jūdī)¶
Secondary
  • Th. Bois, Kurds, Kurdistan, in ei2, v, 447-9
  • L. Ginzberg, Legends of the Jews, 7 vols., Philadelphia 1955, v, 186, n. 48 (to i, 165, in the story of Noah)
  • G. Le Strange, The lands of the eastern Caliphate, Cambridge 1905
  • M. Streck, Djūdī, in ei2, ii, 573-4

Cite this page

Brinner, William M., «Jūdī», in: Encyclopaedia of the Qurʾān, General Editor: Jane Dammen McAuliffe, Georgetown University, Washington DC. Consulted online on 07 January 2017 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1875-3922_q3_EQSIM_00245>

Encyclopaedia of the Qurʾān

Арарат (768 слов)

Самый высокий из двух вершин группы гор, фактически вымерший вулканический ареал, на северо-востоке современной Турции, к югу от современной Армении. Гора Арарат идентифицирована евреями и христианами с библейской историей о потопе и ковчеге (q.v.) Ноя (q.v.) в Быт 6-9. Этот пик известен арабам как Джабал аль-Харит, турками как Бююк Аури Дай, иранцами как Кух-и-Нуа (Гора Ноя) и Маунт Масис (или Масик) армянами, которые видят гору как их национальный символ, но не стал считать его местом отдыха Ноева ковчега до двенадцатого века

Исламская традиция не упоминает Арарата, ибо в 11:44 говорится, что «корабль [Ноя] остановился на горе Юди», нынешний Куди Дай. Эта гора находится примерно в сорока километрах к северо-востоку от Джазирата Ибн’Умара (ныне Чизре) в Турции, к северу от иракской границы, и в трехстах километрах к юго-западу от Арарата. Рядом находится город Таманин (арабский для «восемьдесят»), предположительно названный в честь восьмидесяти пассажиров ковчега, который пережил наводнение.

Попытки найти библейский Арарат сложены именами и местами, которые даны месту отдыха ковчега на других языках и традициях. Часто упускается из виду, что в библейском тексте, который вдохновил на повторные поиски остатков ковчега, на самом деле говорится (Бытие 8: 4), что «ковчег [Ноя] покоился на горах Арарата», когда паводковые воды стихали. В Еврейском арамейском Таргуме и в сирийском «Горах Арарата» переводится «turē Qardū». Последний появляется как Qarda в знаменитом географическом словаре Якута (d. 626/1229), Муджаме аль-buldān (iv, 56), который находит его к югу от настоящего Арарата. Якут утверждает, что «[аль-Джуди] — это гора с видом на Джазират Ибн-Умар, на восточной стороне Тигра, в районе Мосула» (ii, 144, sv al-Jūdī), следовательно, на территории древнего Карду , Некоторые ученые связывают это имя с Гордиеном, греческим наименованием для всей области и в целом связаны с курдами, чье древнее присутствие в этой области, по-видимому, подтверждается Ксенофонтом (примерно 350 b.c.e.). Однако q / k Qardū / Kurd представляет проблему, и ученые теперь считают, что более ранние люди в этой области, получившие название Qardū, сменились курдами с востока.

Расположение Арарата, несомненно, связано с древним царством Уранлу (Арара) на древнем иврите). Urarṭu управлял большей частью территории сегодняшней восточной Турции примерно с девятого по седьмой век b.c.e., соперничая за контроль над ре-гионом с ассирийцами, до тех пор, пока он не был ослаблен постоянной войной со своими соседями, он был наконец завоеван Мидянами в 612 г. b.c.e. Таким образом, современная точка зрения заключается в том, что библейская фраза «горы Арарат» на самом деле относится ко всему району горных хребтов царства Уранжу, который включает в себя как гору Юди, так и гору Арарат.

Ararat (768 words)

The tallest of two peaks of a group of mountains, actually an extinct volcanic range, in the northeast of modern Turkey, south of present-day Armenia. Mount Ararat is identified by Jews and Christians with the biblical story of the flood and the ark (q.v.) of Noah (q.v.) in Gen 6-9. This peak is known by the Arabs as Jabal al-Ḥārith, by the Turks as Büyük Aǧrı Daǧ, by the Iranians as Kūh-i Nūḥ (Mountain of Noah) and as Mount Masis (or Masik) by the Armenians, who view the mountain as their national symbol, but did not come to consider it to be the resting-place of Noah’s ark until about the twelfth century c.e.

Islamic tradition makes no mention of Ararat, for q 11:44 states that «[Noah’s] ship came to rest on Mount Jūdī,» present-day Cudi Daǧ . This mountain lies some forty km northeast of Jazīrat Ibn ʿUmar (now Cizre) in Turkey, just north of the Iraqi border, and some three hundred km southwest of Ararat. Nearby lies the town of Thamānīn (Arabic for «eighty»), supposedly named for the eighty passengers of the ark who survived the flood.

Attempts at locating the biblical Ararat are complicated by the names and locations given to the resting-place of the ark¶ in other languages and traditions. It is often overlooked that the biblical text, which has inspired repeated searches of remnants of the ark, actually states (Gen 8:4) that «the ark [of Noah] rested on the mountains of Ararat» as the flood waters subsided. In the Jewish Aramaic Targum and in Syriac «mountains of Ararat» is translated «turē Qardū.» The latter appears as Qardā in the famous geographical dictionary of Yāqūt (d. 626/1229), Muʿjām al-buldān (iv, 56), which locates it south of the present day Ararat. Yāqūt states that «[ al-Jūdī]… is a mountain overlooking Jazīrat Ibn ʿUmar, on the east side of the Tigris, in the district of Mosul» (ii, 144, s.v. al-Jūdī), hence in the territory of ancient Qardū. Some scholars have linked this name with Gordyene, the Greek appellation for the entire area and generally connected with the Kurds, whose ancient presence in this area seems to be attested by Xenophon (d. ca. 350 b.c.e.). The q/k of Qardū/Kurd, however, presents a problem and scholars are now of the opinion that an earlier people in this area, named Qardū were succeeded by the Kurds coming from the east.

The location of Ararat is undoubtedly connected with the ancient kingdom of Urarṭu (Araraṭ in ancient Hebrew). Urarṭu ruled much of the area of today’s eastern Turkey from about the ninth to the seventh century b.c.e., vying for control of the region with the Assyrians until, weakened by constant warfare with its neighbors, it was finally conquered by the Medes in 612 b.c.e. A current view is, therefore, that the biblical phrase «the mountains of Ararat» actually refers to the entire area of mountain ranges of the kingdom of Urarṭu which includes both Mount Jūdī and Mount Ararat. See also jūdī.¶


Bibliography

  • A. Heidel, The Gilgamesh epic and Old Testament parallels, Chicago 1946, 250-1
  • G. LeStrange, Lands of the eastern caliphate, Cambridge 1905, 93 (Mount Judi), 182-3 (Ararat)
  • V. Minorsky, Kurds, Kurdistān, in ei2, v, 447-9
  • B.B. Piotrovskii, Urartu. The kingdom of Van and its art, trans. and ed. P.S. Gelling, New York 1967
  • M. Streck and F. Taeschner, Aghri Dagh, in ei2, i, 251-2
  • M. Streck, Djūdī, in ei2, ii, 573-4
  • Ṭabarī, Taʾrīkh, trans. F. Rosenthal, The history of al-Ṭabarī. i. From the creation to the flood, Albany 1989, 366, n. 1137
Brinner, William M., «Ararat», in: Encyclopaedia of the Qurʾān, General Editor: Jane Dammen McAuliffe, Georgetown University, Washington DC. Consulted online on 07 January 2017 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1875-3922_q3_EQSIM_00029>

Encyclopaedia of Islam, THREE

Арарат (946 слов)

Арарат - это гора, на которой, как говорят, приземлился ковчег Ноя после потопа (Быт. 8: 4). Это национальный символ Республики Армения. Еврейское имя Ārārāṭ является адаптацией ассирийского wrrṭ (Urarṭu). Горы (Hebr. Hārē, Septuagint ὄρη), упомянутые в Быт. 8: 4, вероятно, относятся к южной Армении (см. Карту 1 / Карта 1. Каспийский регион, после журнала National Geographic Society, май 1999 года. Карта 1. Каспийский регион, после Журнал National Geographic Society, май 1999 года. Иллюстрация 1. Гора Арарат Лизуц в: Томас Ламсден, путешествие из Мерута в Индию, в Лондон, через Аравию, Персию, Армению, Грузию, Россию, Австрию, Швейцарию и Францию ​​во время годы 1819 и 1820, 1822, 144. Иллюстрация 1. Гора Арарат Лизуц в: Томас Ламсден, путешествие из Мерута в Индию, в Лондон, через Аравию, Персию, Армению, Грузию, Россию, Австрию, Швейцарию и Францию ​​во время 1819 и 1820, 1822, 144.). В Иер. 51:27 «Арарат» обозначает центральную или южную часть Армении (см. 2 Цар. 19:37, Исаия 37:38). В вавилонском рассказе о потопе это место называется «гора Низир», которая находится к востоку от Ассирии. Берозус (ф. C.290 до н.э.) находит Арарат в Κορ δυαῖα'Ορ η, «гору кордиевых (курдов)» (Иосиф, древностей евреев, bk.1, глава 3, § 5-6) , Это разнообразие мест позволяет широкий и интересный диапазон возможностей: например, Julius Africanus the Chronographer (например, 220 ° CE) находит Арарат как в Парфии (Хурасан, в северо-восточном Иране), так и в Phrygian Apamea (в западной центральной Анатолии) и говорит, что он посетил оба места (в Syncellus, Ecloga Chronographica, 39, § 22.6-7, см. Īshū'dād of Merv и Bar Hebraeus).

Та же традиция подтверждается самаритянским Таргумом. Это название называется арабской версией текста самаритян и иудео-арабской версией Саадьи ха-Га'н (д. 942), в то время как другие чтения предлагают «Джибал-Карда». Таргум Онкелос читает «Qardū», который также встречается в сирийском текст Пешитты, в Ефреме Сирусе (середина четвертого века н.э.) и во многих арабских версиях Библии, где имя такое же, как и цитированное Беросом. Genesis Rabbah 33: 4, с другой стороны, приводит «Qardūnya» и «Targum Neophyti» и Targum Tosephta - дело с убийством Сеннахирима в 2 Kings 19: 37-read «Qardūn», которое также встречается в Targum ps- Джонатан, в объяснительном блеске этого стиха.

Эта иудео-христианская традиция Ноева ковчега и горы Арарат была передана Исламу. В Коране 11:44 ковчег успокоился на аль-Джуди (итават альла-джуди). Это имя, которое систематически использует мусульманские авторы, определяет горный хребет в провинции, названный в арабском Бухтане (см. Турк. Бухтан, название реки), на границе между Сирией и Турцией; имя сохранилось до наших дней как Джабал Джуди (турок. Куди Даг). У подножия горы был Карят Таманин (Ар. «Деревня восьмидесяти», которая, согласно некоторым исламским традициям, была в числе людей, спасенных от потопа).

Этот топоним засвидетельствован в христианских арабских писателях, таких как Копт Абулали аль-Армани («Армянский», начале шестого-седьмого / двенадцатого-тринадцатого века), который дает «аль-Юда», который, несомненно, является коррумпированным форма «аль-Карда», которая также записана Абулали. Топоним засвидетельствован не только в арабских версиях Ветхого Завета, но и в хронографиях, подобных тем, что были у двух авторов Мелькита десятого века, Книге истории Агапиуса аль-Манбиджи и Летописи Евтихия Александрийского. Североафриканский иудео-арабский вариант «Jibāl al-Qurūd» представляет собой неверное истолкование «Jibāl al-Qardū». Мусульманский географ Yāqūt (д. 626/1229) идентифицирует аль-Джуди с горой в Аравии, предполагая, что это гора, о которой упоминает Мухаммед в рассказе Корана об истории потопа.

Ararat (946 words)

Ararat is the mountain on which Noah’s ark is said to have landed after the deluge (Gen. 8:4). It is the national symbol of the Republic of Armenia. The Hebrew name Ārārāṭ is an adaptation of the Assyrian wrrṭ (Urarṭu). The mountains (Hebr. hārē, Septuagint ὄρη) mentioned in Gen. 8:4 are probably those of southern Armenia (see Map 1/Map 1. Caspian Region, after National Geographic Society Magazine, May 1999. Map 1. Caspian Region, after National Geographic Society Magazine, May 1999. Illustration 1. Mount Ararat by Lizuts in: Thomas Lumsden, A journey from Merut in India, to London, through Arabia, Persia, Armenia, Georgia, Russia, Austria, Switzerland, and France, during the years 1819 and 1820, 1822, 144. Illustration 1. Mount Ararat by Lizuts in: Thomas Lumsden, A journey from Merut in India, to London, through Arabia, Persia, Armenia, Georgia, Russia, Austria, Switzerland, and France, during the years 1819 and 1820, 1822, 144.). In Jer. 51:27 «Ararat» denotes the central or southern portion of Armenia (cf. 2 Kings 19:37, Isaiah 37:38). In the Babylonian account of the deluge, the place is called "the mountain of Nizir, " which is east of Assyria. Berosus (fl. c.290 B.C.E.) locates Ararat in Κορ δυαῖα ᾽´Ορ η, «the mountain of the Cordyaeans (Kurds)» (Josephus, Antiquities of the Jews, bk. 1, chap. 3, § 5-6). This variety of locations allows a wide and interesting range of possibilities: Julius Africanus the Chronographer (fl. 220 °C.E.), for instance, locates Ararat in both Parthia (Khurāsān, in northeastern Iran) and Phrygian Apamea (in west-central Anatolia) and says that he visited both places (in Syncellus, Ecloga Chronographica, 39, § 22.6-7; cf. Īshūʿdād of Merv, and Bar Hebraeus).

The same tradition is attested by the Samaritan Targum. The Arabic version of the Samaritan text and the Judaeo-Arabic version of Saʿadya ha-Gaʾōn (d. 942) include this name, while other readings offer «Jibāl Qardā.» The Targum Onqelos reads «Qardū,» which also occurs in the Syriac text of the Peshitta, in Ephraem Syrus (fl. mid-fourth century C.E.), and in many Arabic versions of the Bible, where the name is the same as that cited by Berosus. Genesis Rabbah 33:4, on the other hand, adduces «Qardūnyaʾ,» and the Targum Neophyti and the Targum Tosephta—dealing with Sennacherib’s assassination in 2 Kings 19:37—read "Qardūn, " which also occurs in the Targum of ps-Jonathan, in an explanatory gloss to that verse.

This Judaeo-Christian tradition of Noah’s ark and Mount Ararat was passed on to Islam. In Qurʾān 11:44 the ark comes to rest on al-Jūdī (istawat ʿalā al-Jūdī). This name, which is used systematically by Muslim authors, identifies a mountain range in the province called in Arabic Buhtān (cf. Turk. Bühtan, the name of a river), on the border between Syria and Turkey; the name has survived to the present day as Jabal Jūdī (Turk. Cudi Dağ). At the foot of the mountain was Qaryat Thamānīn (Ar. "The village of the eighty, " which was, according to some Islamic traditions, the number of people saved from the deluge).

This toponym is attested in Christian Arab authors, such as the Copt Abū Ṣāliḥ al-Armanī ("the Armenian, " fl. early sixth-seventh/twelfth-thirteenth century), who gives «al-Jūdā,» which is undoubtedly a corrupted form of «al-Qardā,» which is also recorded by Abū Ṣāliḥ. The toponym is attested not only in Arabic versions of the Old Testament but in chronographies such as those of two tenth-century Melkite authors, the Book of history of Agapius al-Manbijī and the Annals of Eutychius of Alexandria. The North African Judaeo-Arabic variant «Jibāl al-Qurūd» represents a misreading of «Jibāl al-Qardū.» The Muslim geographer Yāqūt (d. 626/1229) identifies al-Jūdī with a mountain in Arabia, suggesting that it is this mountain that Muḥammad refers to in the Qurʾān’s narration of the story of the deluge.


Sources
  • Abū Ṣāliḥ, The churches and monasteries of Egypt and some neighbouring countries, ed. and trans. Basil T. A. Evetts (Oxford 1895), 140 (trans. 302)
  • Bar Hebraeus, The chronography, trans. Ernest A. Wallis Budge (London 1932), 6
  • Eutychius of Alexandria, Annales, ed. Louis Cheikho, Bernard Carra de Vaux, and Habib Zayyat (Beirut 1906, repr. 1962), 1:13-4, and n. 1
  • Īshūʿdād of Merv, Commentaire d’Išoʿdadh de Merv sur l’Ancient Testament, pt. 1, Genèse, ed. Jacques-Marie Vosté and Ceslas van den Eynde, trans. Ceslas van den Eynde (Louvain 1950), 131
  • Flavii Iosephi opera, ed. Benedikt Niese, Berlin 1888-95
  • Paul de Lagarde (ed.), Materialien zur Kritik und Geschichte des Pentateuchs, Leipzig 1867
  • Georgius Syncellus, Ecloga chronographica, ed. Alden A. Mosshammer, Leipzig 1984
  • Aleksandr Vasiliev (ed. and trans.), Kitab al-ʿunvan (Paris 1910), 594
  • Yāqūt, Muʿjam al-buldān, 5 vol. (Beirut, 1979), s.v. Ararat.
Studies
  • Sebastian P. Brock, Jewish traditions in Syriac sources, Journal of Jewish Studies 30 (1979), 213-4
  • Concepción Castillo, El arca de Noé en las fuentes árabes, Miscelánea de Estudios Árabes y Hebraicos 40-1/1 (1991-2), 77
  • Louis Ginzberg, The legends of the Jews (Philadelphia 1909-38), 5:186
  • Amir Harrak, Tales about Sennacherib. The contribution of the Syriac sources, in P. M. Michèle Daviau, John W. Wevers, and Michael Weigl (eds.), The world of the Aramaeans III. Studies in language and literature in honour of Paul-Eugène Dion (Sheffield 2001), 170-2
  • Rudolf Macuch, On the problems of the Arabic translation of the Samaritan Pentateuch, Israel Oriental Studies 9 (1979), 166 and n. 89
  • Juan Pedro Monferrer, Dos notas de lexicografía semítica y una tercera exegético-topográfica, Boletín de la Asociación Española de Orientalistas 40 (2004), 106-10
  • Juan Pedro Monferrer, Nota a 4QpsDanb 3, Aula Orientalis 22 (2004), 308-12
  • Gustav Weil, Biblische Legenden der Muselmänner (Frankfurt am Main 1845), 44-5
  • Paul E. Zimansky, Ancient Ararat. A handbook of Urartian studies, Delmar NY 1998.
Monferrer-Sala, Juan P., «Ararat», in: Encyclopaedia of Islam, THREE, Edited by: Kate Fleet, Gudrun Krämer, Denis Matringe, John Nawas, Everett Rowson. Consulted online on 28 January 2017 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1573-3912_ei3_COM_23965>

TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi

Cûdî kelimesi “cömertlik” anlamındaki cûd kökünden gelmektedir. Dağın tepesinin avuç içi gibi oluşu, tûfandan sonra geminin konmasına ve gemidekilerin barınmasına elverişli durumu sebebiyle bu adı almış olması muhtemeldir.

Cûdî dağı Güneydoğu Anadolu bölgesinde Türkiye-Irak sınırına 15 km uzaklıkta, Dicle ırmağının kıyısında bulunan Cizre’nin 32 km kuzeydoğusunda, Şırnak il merkezine 17 km mesafededir. Elips biçiminde olan Cûdî dağı üzerinde 2000 metreyi aşan dört doruk vardır. Bunların en yükseği 2114 metredir. Bu tepelerden 2017 m yüksekliğinde olanı “Nuh peygamber ziyareti tepesi” adını taşır.

Cûdî dağının temelinde jeolojinin Jura ve Kretase dönemlerine ait kütlevî kalkerler bulunur. Bu temelin üstünde de yer yer yeşil renkli (ofiolit) ve daha genç (üst kretase - paleosen yaşlı) bir seri yer alır. Bazı yerleri sarp ve engebeli olmakla beraber çıkılması ve inilmesi çok kolay bir dağdır. Güney kesiminden Dicle’ye sel ve çaylar dökülmektedir. Yüksekliği fazla olmamakla beraber güney ve batı yönünden oldukça görkemli bir görünüşe sahiptir. Kurak bir bölgede yer almasına rağmen 500 milimetrenin üzerinde yağmur düşmektedir. Bundan dolayı 1500-2000 metreler arasında çam ve meşe ormanları mevcuttur. Halen ağaçların epeyce tahrip edilmiş olmasına rağmen dağın kuzey yamacında ormanlık yerler vardır. Güney yamacının üzerinde ise seyrek de olsa meşe bulunmaktadır.

Cûdî dağı, dinler tarihi ve bilhassa İslâm dini bakımından önemlidir. Zira Kur’an’da Hz. Nûh’un gemisinin tûfandan sonra Cûdî dağına oturduğu belirtilmektedir. Bu konudaki âyetin meâli şöyledir: “Ey arz, suyunu yut ve ey gök -suyunu- tut! denildi. Su azaldı, iş bitirildi. Gemi Cûdî üzerine oturdu” (Hûd 11/44). “Rrt” kelimesinin Kitâb-ı Mukaddes yazarlarınca yanlış seslendirilmesi sonucunda ortaya çıkan Ararat kelimesi (Tekvîn, 8/4) hatalı yorumlanmış ve Nûh’un gemisinin indiği yer olarak Ağrı dağı gösterilmişse de bunun gerçeğe uygun olmadığı anlaşılmaktadır. Zaten yüzyıla kadar birçok Ermeni müellifin ve daha başkalarının eserlerine dayanarak Ağrı dağının tûfan ile münasebeti bulunmadığını oldukça büyük bir katiyetle tesbit etmek mümkündür.

Eski Ermeni rivayetlerinde Nûh’un gemisinin bir dağ üzerine oturduğu hakkında hiçbir mâlûmat yoktur. Nûh’un gemisinin Masik dağı zirvesine oturmasına dair XI ve XII yüzyıllarda Ermeni edebiyatında yer alan bilgiler ise Avrupalılar’ın Tevrat’taki ifadeyi yanlış tefsir etmelerinden kaynaklanmaktadır. Esasen Ağrı dağı çok yüksek ve sarp olup insan hayatı için önemli olan su, ağaç, barınacak yerler (vb.) imkânlardan yoksundur. Bu sebeple geminin oraya inmesi mümkün görünmemektedir. Cûdî dağında ise barınacak birçok mağaranın mevcudiyeti, tepesinin geminin inişine uygun bir yüzey oluşturması ve beslenme imkânlarına sahip bulunması, geminin oraya inmesi için yeterli ip uçları vermektedir. Geminin oturduğu mahallin Yeşildağ adını alışı da dikkate şayandır.

İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nde Streck tarafından yazılan “Cûdî” maddesinin orijinalinde “gelenek” karşılığı olarak kullanılan tradition kelimesinin Türkçe’ye “efsane” şeklinde çevrilmesi, gerek Kitâb-ı Mukaddes ve Kur’an’da gerekse eski metinlerde yer alan tarihî olayın sanki aslı esası yokmuş gibi yanlış bir kanaat uyandırmaktadır. Diğer taraftan yine aynı maddede Nöldeke’den nakledilen yorum da gerçeği ifade etmemektedir. Nöldeke’ye göre Kur’an’da zikredilen “Cûdî”den maksat Arabistan’daki dağdır ve Muhammed bu dağı bütün dağların en yükseği saymıştır. İslâmî kaynaklarda Cûdî adını taşıyan iki dağ söz konusudur. Bunlardan biri Arabistan yarımadasında yer alan ve Tay kabilesinin yerleşme alanında bulunan dağdır ki Ebû Sa‘tere el-Bevlânî’nin şiirinde kastedilen de budur.

Diğeri ise yukarıda konumu ve özellikleri belirtilen Cûdî dağıdır. Bütün tefsir kitaplarında kaydedilen ve İbn Abbas, Kâ‘b ibn Ahbâr gibi sahâbîlerden nakledilen rivayetlere göre geminin indiği dağ, Cûdî diye bilinen, “Cezîre’de (Dicle ile Fırat arasında) Musul yakınlarında bulunan” ve bugün Türkiye sınırları içinde yer alan dağdır. Eğer bir şairin şiirinde geçmesi delil sayılıyorsa İbn Kays er-Rukayyât ile Ümeyye ibn Ebü’s-Salt’ın şiirlerinde geçen Cûdî, Arabistan’daki Cûdî dağı olmayıp Güneydoğu Anadolu’daki dağdır. Öte yandan Peygamber’in Cûdî’yi Arabistan’da ve bütün dağların en yükseği saydığı iddiası da mesnetsizdir.

Âdem’in Tûrisînâ, Tûrizeyta, Lübnan ve Cûdî dağlarından getirdiği taşlarla Kâbe’yi inşa ettiği rivayeti de sahih değildir.

Yakın zamanlarda yahudi, hıristiyan ve Ermeniler’in siyasî maksatlarla Nûh’un gemisinin Ağrı dağına indiğini iddia ederek bu dağda araştırma ve inceleme yapmaları, her türlü dinî ve ilmî esastan tamamen mahrumdur.

Gerek Cûdî dağının yapısı gerekse konuyla ilgili tarihî bilgi ve rivayetler, Kur’an’da geminin “üzerine oturduğu” bildirilen Cûdî dağının bu dağ olduğu şeklindeki kanaati destekler mahiyettedir.

BİBLİYOGRAFYA

Lisânü’l-ʿArab, “cvd” md.

Mustafavî, et-Taḥḳīḳ, “cvd” md.

Taberî, Câmiʿu’l-beyân, VII, 47-48.

Zemahşerî, el-Keşşâf, II, 271.

Yâkūt, Muʿcemü’l-büldân, II, 180.

Kāmûsü’l-a‘lâm, III, 1848.

A. Jeffery, The Foreign Vocabulary of the Qur’ān, Baroda 1938, s. 106-107.

E. Dorme, La Bible I: L’Ancien Testament, Paris 1956, s. 24.

Hikmet Tanyu, Dinler Tarihi Araştırmaları, Ankara 1973, s. 16, 17, 26.

a.mlf., Nuh’un Gemisi, Ağrı Dağı, Ermeniler, İstanbul 1989.

Abdullah Aydemir, Tefsirde İsrâiliyyât, Ankara 1979, s. 268.

Reşat İzbırak, Türkiye Jeomorfolojisi, Ankara 1983, I, Giriş, s. 45-46.

M. Streck, “Cûdî”, İA, III, 223-225.

a.mlf., “D̲j̲ūdī”, EI2 (İng.), II, 573-574.

ML, II, 317.

YA, IX, 672-673.

ABr., VI, 241.