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	Bahramian, Ali and Qasemi, Jawad, «Al-ʿAbbās b. ʿAbd al-Muṭṭalib», in: Encyclopaedia Islamica, Editors-in-Chief: Wilferd Madelung and, Farhad Daftary. Consulted online on 28 January 2017 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1875-9831_isla_SIM_0011>{{refbegin2}}		Bahramian, Ali and Qasemi, Jawad, «Al-ʿAbbās b. ʿAbd al-Muṭṭalib», in: Encyclopaedia Islamica, Editors-in-Chief: Wilferd Madelung and, Farhad Daftary. Consulted online on 28 January 2017 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1875-9831_isla_SIM_0011>{{refbegin2}}

			== Encyclopaedia of Islam, THREE ==
			{{refbegin3}}
			;al-ʿAbbās b. ʿAbd al-Muṭṭalib

			Al-ʿAbbās b. ʿAbd al-Muṭṭalib (d. c. 32/653) was an uncle of the prophet Muḥammad and the eponym of the ʿAbbāsid dynasty. al-ʿAbbās was a half-brother of the Prophet's father ʿAbdallāh. His mother was Nutayla bt. Janāb from al-Namir, a tribe of the Rabīʿa confederation. al-ʿAbbās was the youngest son of ʿAbd al-Muṭṭalib and was born two or three years prior to his nephew Muḥammad, i.e., around 567 C.E. He died during the caliphate of ʿUthmān b. ʿAffān (r. 23–35/644–56), aged about 88 (lunar) years. The ʿAbbāsids were descendants of al-ʿAbbās through his son ʿAbdallāh.

			It is particularly difficult to distinguish fact from fiction in the traditions about al-ʿAbbās as the ʿAbbāsid propaganda machine tried to retrospectively remake his image. Numerous traditions exist which present al-ʿAbbās in a favourable light, emphasise the special relationship between the Prophet and his paternal uncle, and have Muḥammad predict the future role of the Banū ʿAbbās and al-ʿAbbās's place in the hereafter. Although some of these accounts show obvious signs of a later reshaping, there is little reason to reject all the traditions about his life.

			al-ʿAbbās was an affluent merchant and financier. His wealth, at least in part, seems to have been built on usury. In some traditions on the abolishment of usury, a claim made by al-ʿAbbās is the first to be declared void by Muḥammad. al-ʿAbbās held the right to supply pilgrims with water (siqāya) prior to the advent of Islam. The sources do not give a coherent picture as to whether he inherited this right directly from his father, or, more likely, received it from his half-brother Abū Ṭālib (d. c. 619 C.E.) in return for the extinction of a debt. In any case, the right of al-ʿAbbās to the siqāya was confirmed by Muḥammad after the conquest of Mecca (8/630) and afterwards remained in his family. Apparently, al-ʿAbbās at that point also aspired to the office of the supervision of the Kaʿba (ḥijāba), but Muḥammad decided that it should remain in the family of ʿUthmān b. Ṭalḥa.

			al-ʿAbbās remained hostile to the new faith for a long time. He fought against Muḥammad at Badr (Ramaḍān 2/March 624), was captured by the Muslims, and was ransomed. Most probably he converted to Islam shortly before the conquest of Mecca. Traditions that claim al-ʿAbbās converted to Islam at Badr, or even before that, and then returned to Mecca as a Muslim are probably untrustworthy. The role he played when Muḥammad met a number of Anṣār from Medina at al-ʿAqaba shortly before the hijra also remains subject to discussion. While it is not inconceivable that he was present at the meeting as the chief of the Banū Hāshim clan, and thus protector of Muḥammad, his role seems to have been embellished in later traditions.

			al-ʿAbbās's relationship to Muḥammad must have improved by 7/629, when at the occasion of the ʿumrat al-qaḍāʾ he permitted the marriage of his sister-in-law, Maymūna bt. al-Ḥārith (d. 61/680–1), to Muḥammad. The traditions that point out al-ʿAbbās's major role in the battle of Ḥunayn (8/630) when his perseverance and his loud voice are said to have decided the battle, are also possibly due to later reshaping.

			After Muḥammad's death in 11/632, al-ʿAbbās's relationship to the first caliphs seems to have been strained. Apparently his claims (as well as those of ʿAlī b. Abī Ṭālib, d. 40/661) to the inheritance of Muḥammad, namely estates in Fadak and Khaybar, were rejected by Abū Bakr (d. 13/634) and, initially, ʿUmar b. al-Khaṭṭāb (23/644). ʿUmar, however, eventually surrendered Muḥammad's estates in Medina to al-ʿAbbās and ʿAlī. al-ʿAbbās was never given an administrative job during the caliphates of Abū Bakr, ʿUmar, or ʿUthmān, and the reports that ʿUmar increased his pension to equal those of the wives of Muḥammad are likely to be ʿAbbāsid propaganda.

			al-ʿAbbās is said to have had at least three daughters and nine sons, the eldest being al-Faḍl (whence his kunya Abū al-Faḍl), and the most famous being ʿAbdallāh. al-ʿAbbās was buried in the cemetery of al-Baqīʿ in Medina.

			;Bibliography
			Longer biographies

			Ibn Saʿd, al-Tabaqāt al-kubrā, ed. Eduard Sachau et al., 9 vols. (Leiden 1904–28), 4/1:1–22

			al-Balādhuri, Ansāb al-ashrāf, ed. ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz al-Dūrī (Wiesbaden 1978), 3:1–23

			Ibn ʿAsākir, Taʾrīkh madīnat Dimashq, ed. ʿUmar b. Gharāma al-ʿUmrawī (Beirut 1995), 26:273–380

			al-Ṣafadī, al-Wāfī bi-l-wafayāt, ed. Wadād al-Qāḍī (Wiesbaden 1982), 16:629–33

			al-Mizzī, Tahdhīb al-kamāl fī asmāʾ al-rijāl, ed. Bashshār ʿAwwād Maʿrūf (Beirut 1988), 14:225–30

			al-Dhahabī, Siyar aʿlām al-nubalāʾ, ed. Shuʿayb al-Arnaʾūṭ (Beirut 1981), 2:78–103

			al-Dhahabī, Taʾrīkh al-islām, ed. ʿUmar ʿAbd al-Salām Tadmurī (Beirut 1987), 3:373–8 (with further references).

			Historical sources

			Ibn Hishām, al-Sīra al-nabawiyya, ed. Muṣṭafā al-Saqqā, Ibrāhīm al-Abyārī, and ʿAbd al-Ḥāfiẓ Shalabī, 4 vols., Cairo 1936

			al-Ṭabarī, Taʾrīkh al-rusul wa-l-mulūk, (Annales), ed. M. J. de Goeje et al., 15 vols., Leiden 1879–1901

			al-Wāqidī, Kitāb al-maghāzī, ed. Marsden Jones, 3 vols. (London 1966), indexes

			Anonymous, Akhbār al-dawla al-ʿabbāsiyya wa-fīhi akhbār al-ʿAbbās wa-waladihi, ed. ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz al-Dūrī and ʿAbd al-Jabbār al-Muṭṭalibī, Beirut 1971.

			Secondary literature

			Theodor Nöldeke, Zur tendenziösen Gestaltung der Urgeschichte des Islām's, ZDMG 52 (1898), 21–7

			Johannes Jochum, Geschichte der Familie El-ʿAbbās bin ʿAbd al-Muṭṭalib bis zu ihrer Thronbesteigung, Berlin 1933

			Meir Jacob Kister, Notes on the papyrus account of the ʿAqaba meeting, Le Muséon 76 (1963), 403–17

			Gerd-Rüdiger Puin, Der Dīwān von ʿUmar ibn al-Heiubaruaṭṭāb. Ein Beitrag zur frühislamischen Verwaltungsgeschichte, Bonn 1970

			Tilman Nagel, Untersuchungen zur Entstehung des abbasidischen Kalifates, Bonn 1972

			Moshe Sharon, Black banners from the East. Establishment of the ʿAbbāsid state. Incubation of a revolt (Jerusalem and Leiden 1983), 93–9

			Muhammad Qasim Zaman, Maghāzī and the Muḥaddithūn. Reconsidering the treatment of “historical” materials in early collections of Ḥadīth, IJMES 28 (1996) 1–18

			Muhammad Qasim Zaman, Religion and politics under the early ʿAbbāsids. The emergence of the proto-Sunnī elite, Leiden 1997

			Wilferd Madelung, The succession to Muḥammad, Cambridge 1997.

			;Cite this page
			Görke, Andreas, “al-ʿAbbās b. ʿAbd al-Muṭṭalib”, in: Encyclopaedia of Islam, THREE, Edited by: Kate Fleet, Gudrun Krämer, Denis Matringe, John Nawas, Everett Rowson. Consulted online on 19 December 2022 <http://dx.doi.org.wikipedialibrary.idm.oclc.org/10.1163/1573-3912_ei3_COM_22582>

			First published online: 2009

			First print edition: 9789004178533, 2009, 2009-2
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